![]() ![]() On the one hand, governments are taking emergency measures, such as shutdowns for social distancing and investments in testing and quarantining the suspected cases and treating the confirmed cases, to contain the disease. National-level responses to the disease are also unprecedented. Major cultural and supporting events have been suspended. By the end of March 2020, more than 100 countries around the world had already instituted the partial or full lockdowns and air and intercity travel was down by 70–90% as compared to figures from March 2019 in major world cities affecting billions of people ( Dunford et al., 2020). The pandemic is causing huge impact on real economic activity, though the extent of actual impact is yet unknown. It is behaving like ‘the once-in-a-century pathogen’ ( Gates, 2020). Countries such as China, Italy, Iran, Spain, France, the United Kingdom and the United Stated have been hit hard so far with severe COVID-19 outbreaks. As of April 17, 2020, the number of confirmed patients has exceeded 2 million with around 139,000 already dead globally ( WHO, 2020). World Health Organization declared it a pandemic on March 11. Since its start from the Chinese city of Wuhan in early 2020, the COVID-19, an infectious disease caused by the new type of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, is causing havoc around the world. ![]()
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